The administration of oral sucrose with and without non-nutritive suction has been proposed as a nonpharmacological intervention to relieve procedural pain in newborns. Pain management is one of the main challenges in addressing the improved care of hospitalized newborns. The SCA detects nociceptive pain fast and continuously, specific to the individual, with higher sensitivity and specificity than other available objective methods. Moreover, noxious stimuli in artificially ventilated patients and in preterm infants increase the SCA index, and the increase correlates to the clinical discomfort. This SCA response is significantly associated with genetically modulated pain sensitivity. Unlike EEG monitors, the SCA response is sensitive to experimental noxious stimuli during general anesthesia, and the measured response was attenuated by analgesic medication.
The SCA reflects changes in norepeinephrine levels induced by nociception better than heart rate, blood pressure, and electroencephalograph (EEG) monitors.
In general anesthetized patients, both the sensitivity and specificity were about 90% to detect responses to noxious stimulation when compared with clinical stress variables. When pain was monitored by verbal reporting in postoperative patients, the SCA had a sensitivity of about 90% and specificity up to 74% to identify the pain, better than heart rate and blood pressure. The use of SCA for pain and nociceptive assessment is outlined in this review. The SCA reacts immediately and is not influenced by hemodynamic variability or neuromuscular blockade.
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J K is not affected by replacement of O 2 by N 2, or by stimulated contractions at 60 per minute, but K influx decreases markedly in 10 -5 M and 10 -8 M ouabain.The skin conductance algesimeter (SCA) reflects the sympathetic nervous system influenced by changes in emotions, which releases the acetylcholine that acts on muscarine receptors, causing a subsequent burst of sweat and increased skin conductance.
The permeability for K ions, P K, calculated from the influx and membrane potential, remains very nearly constant over this range of external K concentrations. J K increases in an approximately linear manner as the external K concentration is increased twentyfold, from 2.5 to 50 m M, at constant intracellular K concentration. The larger surface/volume ratio results in larger flux values. Cells from small cats are smaller and have larger surface/volume ratios than cells from large cats. Within the limits of the measurement, all of cell K exchanged at a single rate. The exchange of cell K with K 42, J K, has been measured in cat right ventricular papillary muscle under conditions of a steady state with respect to intracellular K concentration. The Journal of General Physiology Rockefeller University Press J K is not affected by replacement of O 2 by N 2, or by stimulated contractions at 60 per minute, but K influx decreases markedly in 10 -5 M and 10 -8 M ouabain. Cat Heart Muscle in Vitro Cat Heart Muscle in Vitro
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